| Nanopascals (nPa) | Hectopascals (hPa) |
|---|---|
| 1 Nanopascal | 1 × 10-11 hPa |
| 2 Nanopascals | 2 × 10-11 hPa |
| 3 Nanopascals | 3 × 10-11 hPa |
| 4 Nanopascals | 4 × 10-11 hPa |
| 5 Nanopascals | 5 × 10-11 hPa |
| 10 Nanopascals | 1 × 10-10 hPa |
| 20 Nanopascals | 2 × 10-10 hPa |
| 25 Nanopascals | 2.5 × 10-10 hPa |
| 50 Nanopascals | 5 × 10-10 hPa |
| 100 Nanopascals | 0.000000001 hPa |
| Reference | Nanopascals (nPa) | Hectopascals (hPa) |
|---|---|---|
| Atmospheric pressure at sea level | 1.01325 × 1014 nPa | 1013.25 hPa |
| Healthy blood pressure (120 mmHg) | 1.6 × 1013 nPa | 160 hPa |
| A car tyre | 2.2 × 1014 nPa | 2200 hPa |
| A racing bicycle tyre | 6 × 1014 nPa | 6000 hPa |
The nanopascal is a unit of pressure equal to one billionth of a pascal. Its symbol is nPa. It marks the far end of the pressure scale, the region where the idea of pressure as a push on a surface stops being useful and becomes a statement about how few particles are present.
The clearest home for the unit is extreme high vacuum. Ordinary laboratory vacuum reaches millipascals; ultra-high vacuum, used for surface physics and for the beam pipes of particle accelerators, reaches micropascals. Below that lies extreme high vacuum at nanopascals and lower, and reaching it takes a sealed chamber, hours of baking at two hundred degrees to drive gas out of the metal itself, and pumps that trap molecules rather than push them.
At those pressures a chamber is not empty. A nanopascal still contains something like a quarter of a million molecules per cubic centimetre, which sounds like a great many until you compare it with the twenty-five billion billion in the same volume of room air. What matters is not the count but the mean free path: a molecule now travels thousands of kilometres before striking another, so it hits the walls long before it meets a neighbour.
That is exactly the point. Surface science needs a sample to stay clean for the length of an experiment, and at ordinary pressures a fresh surface is covered by a layer of adsorbed gas in about a nanosecond. At a nanopascal the same surface stays clean for days. The vacuum is not there to remove air but to buy time.
Space provides the natural comparison. Low Earth orbit is around a micropascal, still dense enough that the atmosphere drags on satellites and eventually pulls them down. Interplanetary space is nanopascals. Interstellar space is far lower still, roughly a femtopascal, which no terrestrial pump has ever matched — the best laboratory vacuums are still denser than the space between the stars.
Radiation pressure lands in similar territory. Sunlight falling on a perfectly absorbing surface at Earth's distance exerts about 4.5 micropascals, and at the distance of the outer planets it falls to nanopascals. Solar sails work with these numbers, which is why they must be enormous and light to gather a usable force.
One nanopascal equals 0.000000001 pascals, 0.001 micropascals, 1,000 picopascals, or about 0.000000000000145 pounds per square inch.
The hectopascal is a unit of pressure equal to one hundred pascals. Its symbol is hPa. It is exactly one millibar, and that identity is the whole reason it exists: when meteorology moved to SI units in the 1980s, the hectopascal let every barometer, chart and forecast keep its numbers unchanged while changing the name on them.
Weather is its home and almost its only use. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 hectopascals, a settled high-pressure system reads 1020 to 1035, and a deep Atlantic depression can fall below 950. Isobars on a synoptic chart are drawn at four-hectopascal intervals, so the spacing of the lines is a direct picture of how hard the wind will blow.
Storm intensity is reported the same way. The central pressure of a tropical cyclone is the single most quoted measure of its strength, and the lowest sea-level pressure ever recorded was 870 hectopascals in Typhoon Tip in 1979. A drop of a few tens of hectopascals over a day is enough to turn ordinary weather into a severe event.
Altitude changes the reading steadily. Near sea level pressure falls by roughly one hectopascal for every eight metres of height gained, which is why a barometric altimeter works at all and why a barometer at home responds to being carried upstairs. That gradient weakens with altitude, so the relationship holds only in the lowest few kilometres.
Aviation depends on the unit for safety. Pilots set their altimeters to a local pressure figure given in hectopascals so that everyone in the same airspace measures height from the same datum, and above a defined transition altitude all aircraft switch to the standard setting of 1013 hectopascals so that vertical separation is preserved regardless of the weather. North American practice uses inches of mercury for the same purpose, and the two must never be confused.
For conversion, one hectopascal is one millibar exactly, 0.1 kilopascals, and about 0.0295 inches of mercury. The last of those is the figure to watch, since a reading of 30 inches of mercury and one of 1016 hectopascals describe the same afternoon.
One hectopascal equals 100 pascals, 1 millibar, 0.1 kilopascals, or about 0.0295 inches of mercury.