| Exaoctets (Eo) | Zebioctets (Zio) |
|---|---|
| 1 Exaoctet | 0.000847032947254 Zio |
| 2 Exaoctets | 0.00169406589451 Zio |
| 3 Exaoctets | 0.00254109884176 Zio |
| 4 Exaoctets | 0.00338813178902 Zio |
| 5 Exaoctets | 0.00423516473627 Zio |
| 10 Exaoctets | 0.00847032947254 Zio |
| 20 Exaoctets | 0.0169406589451 Zio |
| 25 Exaoctets | 0.0211758236814 Zio |
| 50 Exaoctets | 0.0423516473627 Zio |
| 100 Exaoctets | 0.0847032947254 Zio |
| Reference | Exaoctets (Eo) | Zebioctets (Zio) |
|---|---|---|
| A plain text message (160 characters) | 1.6 × 10-16 Eo | 1.35525 × 10-19 Zio |
| A three-minute MP3 | 3 × 10-12 Eo | 2.5411 × 10-15 Zio |
| A smartphone photo | 4 × 10-12 Eo | 3.38813 × 10-15 Zio |
| A high-definition film | 0.000000004 Eo | 3.38813 × 10-12 Zio |
| A dual-layer Blu-ray disc | 0.00000005 Eo | 4.23516 × 10-11 Zio |
The exaoctet is a unit of digital information equal to a thousand petaoctets, or a billion gigaoctets. Its symbol is Eo. It is the unit in which the world's data flows and stockpiles are counted, and it belongs to civilisations rather than to companies or machines.
The most quoted figure involving it is global internet traffic, which passed one exaoctet per month around 2004 and now runs to several hundred exaoctets monthly. Written as an annual total that is several thousand exaoctets, which is why the zettaoctet was pressed into service for yearly figures a decade ago.
A frequently repeated claim holds that all the words ever spoken by human beings would amount to about five exaoctets in text. The estimate comes from a 2003 study and is very rough, but it makes the point: five exaoctets is now less than a fortnight of internet traffic. Whatever the exact number, the flow of data through the network long ago overtook the total of everything humanity has ever said.
Storage at exaoctet scale exists only at the largest cloud providers, and even there it is spread across dozens of buildings on several continents. The annual production of all the world's hard drives and flash memory together is a few hundred exaoctets, so the exaoctet is also the natural unit for describing the output of an entire industry.
What is stored at this scale is mostly not what people imagine. Backups, replicas, logs, telemetry, machine learning training corpora and video kept for regulatory reasons dominate. Deliberately created human work — documents, photographs, recordings that someone chose to make and keep — is a small and shrinking fraction of the whole.
The prefix exa has been part of the metric system since 1975, adopted at the same conference as peta. At the time these were prefixes without applications, defined for completeness. The fact that both became working units of a commercial industry within thirty years is the clearest single measure of how quickly digital information grew.
One exaoctet equals 1,000 petaoctets, 1,000,000,000 gigaoctets, 8 exabits, or about 0.8674 exbioctets.
The zebioctet is a unit of digital information equal to two to the seventieth power octets, which is 1,024 exbioctets. Its symbol is Zio. It is the binary counterpart of the zettaoctet, and the two differ by 18.1 per cent.
Nothing of this size exists. The total quantity of data held by humanity, counting every copy and every backup, is estimated in the low hundreds of zettaoctets, and a zebioctet is 1.18 zettaoctets, so the world holds a few hundred of these units in total. It is the first binary unit for which the world's entire stock is a small multiple rather than a large one.
The unit is defined for completeness rather than for use, which is a deliberate feature of both the metric and the IEC systems. Every prefix applies to every unit without exception, so a reader who has never seen Zio can decode it from the prefix alone. A system that ran out of names at some arbitrary point would force each future user to invent an extension, and rival extensions are how ambiguity is born.
There is one place where the unit would arise naturally. Storage addressing beyond 64 bits has been designed but not needed: the ZFS filesystem uses 128-bit block pointers, giving it a theoretical capacity far beyond any binary prefix that has a name. Where such a scheme states intermediate limits, those limits fall in this range and are properly written in zebioctets.
The 18.1 per cent gap between zebioctet and zettaoctet is worth holding in mind when reading forecasts. Predictions of global data growth are published in zettaoctets, and any that were computed in binary and reported in decimal are nearly a fifth off. Given that such forecasts are already rough, that error is not the largest source of uncertainty, but it is an avoidable one.
The symbol Zio, like all the IEC symbols, is a capital letter followed by lowercase i and then the unit. It is the presence of that i, rather than any statement in the text, that tells a reader unambiguously which quantity is meant, and a document that omits it has not said what it appears to have said.
One zebioctet equals 1,024 exbioctets, 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 octets, 8 zebibits, or about 1.181 zettaoctets.