Conversion from Megapascals to Pounds per square inch

Information about the Megapascal (MPa)

The megapascal is a unit of pressure equal to one million pascals, written MPa. It is ten bar, and it is exactly one newton per square millimetre. That last identity is the reason the unit dominates engineering: a stress calculated from a force in newtons and an area in square millimetres comes out in megapascals with no conversion at all.

Materials strength is stated in it almost universally. A common structural steel yields at 355 megapascals, high-strength alloy steels at over a thousand, aluminium alloys between 200 and 500, and structural concrete at 25 to 50 in compression. Because those numbers are what a designer compares against a calculated stress, the megapascal is the unit in which most of the built world is specified.

Structural drawings often write N/mm² instead, and the two are the same. Some national codes prefer one form and some the other, but a plate marked 355 N/mm² and one marked 355 MPa carry identical steel. Knowing that they are the same unit removes what looks like a discrepancy between drawings from different countries.

Hydraulics works at these pressures too. Construction machinery runs at twenty to thirty-five megapascals, industrial presses higher, and water-jet cutting reaches four hundred, at which pressure a stream of water a fraction of a millimetre across will cut steel. Pressure vessels, pipelines and hydrogen storage are all designed and tested against figures in this range.

Above the megapascal, the gigapascal takes over for stiffness rather than strength. Young's modulus for steel is about 200 gigapascals, for aluminium 70 and for concrete 30, and those numbers describe how much a material deflects rather than when it breaks. Keeping strength in megapascals and stiffness in gigapascals is a convention that makes the two easy to tell apart at a glance.

For conversion, one megapascal is ten bar, 145 pounds per square inch, and just under ten atmospheres. The last comparison is worth holding: a pressure of one megapascal is about ten times what the air outside exerts, which puts even modest industrial pressures in a useful human perspective.

One megapascal equals 1,000,000 pascals, 10 bar, 1 newton per square millimetre, or about 145 pounds per square inch.

Information about the Pound per square inch (psi)

The pound per square inch is a unit of pressure equal to 6894.76 pascals. Its symbol is psi. It is the force of one pound spread over one square inch, and it is the working pressure unit of the United States and of a great deal of equipment sold worldwide, because so much hydraulic and pneumatic machinery is designed to American specifications.

Its most familiar appearance is on tyres. A car is inflated to between 30 and 35 pounds per square inch, a bicycle tyre to 80 or more, and a heavy truck to around 100. Because the pressure and the contact patch together carry the vehicle, a small change in the figure changes handling, fuel consumption and tyre life, which is why it is printed inside the door of every car.

Compressed systems use the same scale. A workshop air line runs at 90 to 120 pounds per square inch, a domestic water supply arrives at 40 to 80, hydraulic machinery works at around 3000, and a full scuba cylinder holds 3000 or more. The convenient coincidence is that atmospheric pressure is 14.7 pounds per square inch, so a reading of 30 means roughly three times atmospheric in absolute terms.

That absolute distinction is written into the symbol. Engineers write psig for gauge pressure, measured above the surrounding air, and psia for absolute pressure, measured from vacuum. A tyre at 32 psig is at 46.7 psia, and confusing the two in a calculation of gas quantity or vessel strength produces an error of one atmosphere, which at low pressures is most of the answer.

Aviation uses it for cabin differential. An airliner maintains a pressure difference of about eight to nine pounds per square inch between cabin and outside air at cruising altitude, and the fuselage is designed and fatigue-tested against that repeated loading. The figure sets the effective cabin altitude and therefore how passengers feel at the end of a long flight.

Converting to metric is exact but not memorable, since a pound per square inch is 6894.76 pascals. The two rules of thumb worth carrying are that one bar is about 14.5 pounds per square inch and that one pound per square inch is about seven kilopascals; both are close enough for judging a gauge and neither is close enough for a design calculation.

One pound per square inch equals 6894.76 pascals, about 0.0689 bar, about 6.89 kilopascals, or about 0.068 atmospheres.