| Furlongs (fur) | Parsecs (pc) |
|---|---|
| 1 Furlong | 6.51941088099 × 10-15 pc |
| 2 Furlongs | 1.3038821762 × 10-14 pc |
| 3 Furlongs | 1.9558232643 × 10-14 pc |
| 4 Furlongs | 2.6077643524 × 10-14 pc |
| 5 Furlongs | 3.25970544049 × 10-14 pc |
| 10 Furlongs | 6.51941088099 × 10-14 pc |
| 20 Furlongs | 1.3038821762 × 10-13 pc |
| 25 Furlongs | 1.62985272025 × 10-13 pc |
| 50 Furlongs | 3.25970544049 × 10-13 pc |
| 100 Furlongs | 6.51941088099 × 10-13 pc |
| Reference | Furlongs (fur) | Parsecs (pc) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (long side) | 0.00147638 fur | 9.62511 × 10-18 pc |
| Average adult human height | 0.00845065 fur | 5.50932 × 10-17 pc |
| A football pitch (length) | 0.521952 fur | 3.40282 × 10-15 pc |
| A marathon | 209.75 fur | 1.36745 × 10-12 pc |
| Height of Mount Everest | 43.9881 fur | 2.86777 × 10-13 pc |
The furlong is a unit of length equal to 220 yards, 660 feet, or exactly 201.168 metres. It is one eighth of a mile and ten chains.
The name is a contraction of the Old English furh lang, meaning furrow long, and describes the distance a team of oxen could plough before needing rest. That practical origin fixed the length of a medieval strip field, and the furlong therefore predates the mile's English definition. When the Roman mile of 5000 feet was reconciled with English land measurement, the mile was lengthened to 5280 feet so that it would contain a whole number of furlongs. The awkward figure that generations of schoolchildren have memorised is a direct consequence of preserving the older agricultural unit.
Horse racing is where the furlong remains in active daily use. Race distances in Britain, Ireland, the United States and much of the racing world are stated in miles and furlongs, so a race described as one mile two furlongs covers 2010 metres. Sectional times are recorded furlong by furlong, and commentary is built around the unit. Distance markers along the rail count down the remaining furlongs to the finish.
The furlong's relationship to area explains its persistence in older records. An acre was originally defined as one furlong long by one chain wide, the area a team could plough in a day. This is why an acre is a long thin rectangle rather than a square, and why its modern value of 43,560 square feet looks arbitrary.
Outside racing the unit is largely archaic, though it appears in some historical land deeds and in the occasional legal description. Computing folklore keeps it alive in the furlong per fortnight, a deliberately absurd unit of speed used to make a point about dimensional analysis.
It is the reason the acre has the shape it does. An acre was defined as one furlong long by one chain wide, 220 yards by 22, and that long thin rectangle is exactly what a team of oxen could plough in a day without turning more often than necessary. The proportion of ten to one is preserved in the ridge and furrow patterns still visible from the air across the English Midlands, and in field boundaries that have outlasted every plough that made them. The furlong therefore survives less as a measurement than as a shape written into the landscape.
One furlong equals 220 yards, 10 chains, one eighth of a mile, or 201.168 metres.
The parsec is a unit of distance equal to about 3.0857 × 1016 metres, or 3.26 light years. The symbol is pc. It is the standard distance unit in professional astronomy, used in preference to the light year in research literature.
The name is a contraction of parallax second, and the definition follows directly from how stellar distances are actually measured. As the Earth orbits the Sun, nearby stars appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. Half of that annual shift is the star's parallax angle. A star with a parallax of one arcsecond lies at a distance of one parsec. The relationship is a simple reciprocal: distance in parsecs equals one divided by parallax in arcseconds, which is why the unit is convenient for observers. No conversion is needed between the measurement and the result.
Formally the parsec is defined as 648,000 divided by pi astronomical units, a value the International Astronomical Union fixed exactly in 2015. Herbert Hall Turner proposed the name in 1913.
No star is close enough to have a parallax of a full arcsecond. Proxima Centauri, the nearest, has a parallax of about 0.77 arcseconds and lies 1.3 parsecs away. The angles involved are minute, which is why parallax was not successfully measured until 1838 despite being sought since antiquity. The Gaia spacecraft has since measured parallaxes for over a billion stars with microarcsecond precision.
Multiples handle larger scales. The Milky Way is about 30 kiloparsecs across, and distances between galaxy clusters run to megaparsecs. The Hubble constant is conventionally quoted in kilometres per second per megaparsec.
The unit is widely known from a line in Star Wars in which the Millennium Falcon completes a route in under twelve parsecs, a distance where a time would be expected.
Cosmology works in megaparsecs and gives the unit a role in one of its central quarrels. The Hubble constant, the rate at which the universe expands, is quoted in kilometres per second per megaparsec: a galaxy one megaparsec away recedes at about seventy kilometres a second, one two megaparsecs away at twice that. Measurements from the cosmic microwave background give a value near 67, while those from supernovae and variable stars give about 73, and the gap between them has resisted a decade of effort to close it. Whatever resolves the disagreement, it will be argued over in this unit.
One parsec equals 3.26156 light years, 206,265 astronomical units, or 30.857 trillion kilometres.