| Furlongs (fur) | Light years (ly) |
|---|---|
| 1 Furlong | 2.12634743779 × 10-14 ly |
| 2 Furlongs | 4.25269487558 × 10-14 ly |
| 3 Furlongs | 6.37904231337 × 10-14 ly |
| 4 Furlongs | 8.50538975116 × 10-14 ly |
| 5 Furlongs | 1.0631737189 × 10-13 ly |
| 10 Furlongs | 2.12634743779 × 10-13 ly |
| 20 Furlongs | 4.25269487558 × 10-13 ly |
| 25 Furlongs | 5.31586859448 × 10-13 ly |
| 50 Furlongs | 1.0631737189 × 10-12 ly |
| 100 Furlongs | 2.12634743779 × 10-12 ly |
| Reference | Furlongs (fur) | Light years (ly) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (long side) | 0.00147638 fur | 3.13929 × 10-17 ly |
| Average adult human height | 0.00845065 fur | 1.7969 × 10-16 ly |
| A football pitch (length) | 0.521952 fur | 1.10985 × 10-14 ly |
| A marathon | 209.75 fur | 4.46002 × 10-12 ly |
| Height of Mount Everest | 43.9881 fur | 9.3534 × 10-13 ly |
The furlong is a unit of length equal to 220 yards, 660 feet, or exactly 201.168 metres. It is one eighth of a mile and ten chains.
The name is a contraction of the Old English furh lang, meaning furrow long, and describes the distance a team of oxen could plough before needing rest. That practical origin fixed the length of a medieval strip field, and the furlong therefore predates the mile's English definition. When the Roman mile of 5000 feet was reconciled with English land measurement, the mile was lengthened to 5280 feet so that it would contain a whole number of furlongs. The awkward figure that generations of schoolchildren have memorised is a direct consequence of preserving the older agricultural unit.
Horse racing is where the furlong remains in active daily use. Race distances in Britain, Ireland, the United States and much of the racing world are stated in miles and furlongs, so a race described as one mile two furlongs covers 2010 metres. Sectional times are recorded furlong by furlong, and commentary is built around the unit. Distance markers along the rail count down the remaining furlongs to the finish.
The furlong's relationship to area explains its persistence in older records. An acre was originally defined as one furlong long by one chain wide, the area a team could plough in a day. This is why an acre is a long thin rectangle rather than a square, and why its modern value of 43,560 square feet looks arbitrary.
Outside racing the unit is largely archaic, though it appears in some historical land deeds and in the occasional legal description. Computing folklore keeps it alive in the furlong per fortnight, a deliberately absurd unit of speed used to make a point about dimensional analysis.
It is the reason the acre has the shape it does. An acre was defined as one furlong long by one chain wide, 220 yards by 22, and that long thin rectangle is exactly what a team of oxen could plough in a day without turning more often than necessary. The proportion of ten to one is preserved in the ridge and furrow patterns still visible from the air across the English Midlands, and in field boundaries that have outlasted every plough that made them. The furlong therefore survives less as a measurement than as a shape written into the landscape.
One furlong equals 220 yards, 10 chains, one eighth of a mile, or 201.168 metres.
The light year is the distance light travels in vacuum during one Julian year, equal to exactly 9,460,730,472,580,800 metres, or about 9.46 trillion kilometres. The symbol is ly.
It is a unit of distance, not of time, a point the name obscures and which causes persistent confusion. Its exactness follows from two defined quantities: the speed of light is fixed at 299,792,458 metres per second, and a Julian year is defined as exactly 365.25 days of 86,400 seconds. Multiplying the two gives a figure with no measurement uncertainty at all.
The unit's appeal is that it makes the finite speed of light explicit. Looking at an object twelve light years away means seeing it as it was twelve years ago, and this delay is not a curiosity but the basis of observational cosmology. The most distant galaxies observed lie billions of light years away, so telescopes are effectively instruments for looking into the past.
Nearby distances are modest by the standard of the unit. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, is 4.25 light years away. Sirius is 8.6. The centre of the Milky Way lies about 26,000 light years from Earth, and the galaxy spans roughly 100,000. The Andromeda Galaxy is some 2.5 million light years distant and is visible to the unaided eye from a dark site, which makes it the most remote object most people will ever see directly.
Professional astronomers generally prefer the parsec, which arises naturally from parallax measurement, and journals report distances in parsecs, kiloparsecs and megaparsecs. The light year dominates popular writing because it needs no explanation beyond the speed of light.
Related units follow the same principle at smaller scales. The light second, about 300,000 kilometres, is close to the Earth-Moon distance, and radio engineers use the light nanosecond, roughly 30 centimetres, when reasoning about signal propagation along a cable. The light minute and light hour occasionally appear in descriptions of the outer solar system.
One light year equals 63,241 astronomical units, about 0.3066 parsecs, or 9.4607 trillion kilometres.