Conversion from 25 Kibibits per second to Bits per second

Information about the Kibibit per second (Kibit/s)

The kibibit per second is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,024 bits per second. Its symbol is Kibit/s. It is the binary counterpart of the kilobit per second, and it is the least used member of an already unusual family, because transfer rates are one of the few places in computing where the decimal convention has always been unambiguous.

Networking has counted in true thousands from the beginning. A modem rated at 56 kilobits per second meant fifty-six thousand, not fifty-seven thousand three hundred and forty-four. The reason is that a transmission rate is set by a clock, and clocks are specified in decimal frequencies: a link running at ten million symbols per second carries a decimal number of bits, not a power of two.

The binary prefixes exist for quantities, not for rates, because quantities of storage are organised in powers of two while time is not. There is no natural reason for a rate to be a power of two, and consequently no reason for a rate unit to need a binary prefix. Where one appears, it is almost always because a program divided a binary file size by a duration.

That is exactly where the kibibit per second does turn up. A tool that measures a transfer by counting kibioctets and dividing by seconds produces a rate in kibioctets per second, and multiplying by eight gives kibibits per second. The unit is a consequence of the arithmetic rather than a description of the channel.

For scale, a kibibit per second is 128 octets per second, and the difference from a kilobit per second is 2.4 per cent — smaller than the measurement error of almost any real throughput test. At this level the distinction is technically correct and practically invisible, which is a fair description of the whole binary prefix system at its lower end.

The unit is properly defined and a converter must handle it, because the IEC series applies to every unit without exception. Whether anyone writes it is a separate question from whether it means something definite, and it does.

One kibibit per second equals 1,024 bits per second, 128 octets per second, or 1.024 kilobits per second.

Information about the Bit per second (bit/s)

The bit per second is the fundamental unit of data transfer rate. Its symbol is bit/s, often written bps. It counts how many binary decisions a channel carries in one second, and every other unit of transmission speed is a multiple of it.

Because it is a rate, it has the form of a quantity divided by time, exactly like metres per second or litres per second. That makes the arithmetic straightforward: a link running at a given number of bits per second, multiplied by a duration in seconds, gives the total number of bits transferred, and dividing by eight converts that to octets.

The unit must be distinguished from the baud, which counts symbols per second rather than bits. Early modems transmitted one bit per symbol, so the two numbers were the same and the words were used interchangeably. Modern schemes encode several bits in each symbol — by varying phase and amplitude together — so a channel running at 3,000 baud may carry 33,600 bits per second. Only the bit rate describes how much information moves.

Claude Shannon established the theoretical ceiling in 1948. The capacity of a channel in bits per second depends on its bandwidth and on the ratio of signal to noise, and no coding scheme can exceed it. Every advance in modem and radio design since has been an attempt to approach that limit more closely, and modern systems come within a fraction of a decibel of it.

In practice the raw bit rate of a link is never the rate at which useful data arrives. Protocol headers, error-correcting codes, acknowledgements and retransmissions all consume capacity, and the usable fraction is typically 90 to 95 per cent on a wired link and considerably less on a shared wireless one.

Single bits per second are rarely quoted, because almost every channel is faster. The exceptions are deep-space communication, where a probe billions of kilometres away may return data at a few tens of bits per second, and certain low-power sensor networks that transmit a handful of bits at long intervals to preserve battery life.

One bit per second equals 0.125 octets per second, 0.001 kilobits per second, or about 0.0009766 kibibits per second.