| Chains (ch) | Nautical leagues (nlea) |
|---|---|
| 1 Chain | 0.00362073434125 nlea |
| 2 Chains | 0.00724146868251 nlea |
| 3 Chains | 0.0108622030238 nlea |
| 4 Chains | 0.014482937365 nlea |
| 5 Chains | 0.0181036717063 nlea |
| 10 Chains | 0.0362073434125 nlea |
| 20 Chains | 0.0724146868251 nlea |
| 25 Chains | 0.0905183585313 nlea |
| 50 Chains | 0.181036717063 nlea |
| 100 Chains | 0.362073434125 nlea |
| Reference | Chains (ch) | Nautical leagues (nlea) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (long side) | 0.0147638 ch | 0.0000534557 nlea |
| Average adult human height | 0.0845065 ch | 0.000305976 nlea |
| A football pitch (length) | 5.21952 ch | 0.0188985 nlea |
| A marathon | 2097.5 ch | 7.59449 nlea |
| Height of Mount Everest | 439.881 ch | 1.59269 nlea |
The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet, 22 yards, or exactly 20.1168 metres. It occupies an unusual position in the imperial system as the unit that connected everyday measurement to land surveying.
It is named after a physical object. Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician, introduced a surveying chain of 100 iron links in 1620. The design solved a real problem: land area was recorded in acres, a unit inherited from medieval agriculture, while distances were measured in feet and yards. Gunter chose a length that reconciled the two systems. Ten square chains make exactly one acre, and 80 chains make one mile, so a surveyor could measure in chains and compute both area in acres and distance in miles without awkward conversion factors.
The chain shaped the landscape of several countries. The United States Public Land Survey System, which divided much of the American west into townships and sections from 1785, was laid out in chains. A section is one square mile, or 80 chains on a side, and the resulting grid remains visible in road patterns and field boundaries across the Midwest. Similar surveys in Canada, Australia and New Zealand used the same unit, and older property deeds in those countries still cite chain measurements.
Cricket preserves it in sporting form. The pitch measures 22 yards between the wickets, which is exactly one chain, a length fixed long before the game's laws were formally written.
British railways continue to use the chain for locating features along a line. Positions are recorded as a mileage and a chain figure, so 12 miles 40 chains identifies a point precisely. The convention survives in signalling diagrams and engineering records despite general metrication.
The chain subdivides into 100 links of 7.92 inches each, giving surveyors a decimal subdivision within an otherwise non-decimal system.
One chain equals 22 yards, 66 feet, or 20.1168 metres.
The nautical league is a unit of length equal to three nautical miles, or exactly 5556 metres. It is longer than the land league by about 728 metres, since it is built from the nautical mile of 1852 metres rather than the statute mile.
The unit belonged to an era when it was the practical measure of coastal jurisdiction. The cannon shot rule, articulated in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, held that a state's authority extended as far as it could defend from shore, conventionally taken as three nautical miles. That distance became the standard territorial sea limit and was expressed as one marine league. Many older treaties and statutes define maritime boundaries in leagues for this reason.
The three-mile limit held for centuries before eroding through the twentieth. States progressively claimed wider waters, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea settled the matter in 1982 by establishing a twelve nautical mile territorial sea and a two hundred mile exclusive economic zone. Both figures are stated in nautical miles rather than leagues, and the older unit fell out of legal use.
Charts and pilot books from the age of sail used the league routinely for describing offshore distances and the visibility of landmarks. Reading those sources accurately requires knowing which league is meant, since the same word could refer to a land league, a marine league or a Spanish or Portuguese variant, and the differences are large enough to matter when reconstructing a historical position.
Today the unit has no navigational role. Charts are marked in nautical miles, and distances at sea are quoted the same way. The nautical league appears only in historical and legal texts.
The unit also underlies a familiar figure in visibility calculations. From a height of about three metres above sea level, the horizon lies roughly one nautical league away, which is why the three-mile limit corresponded loosely to what a lookout could see as well as to what a gun could reach.
One nautical league equals 3 nautical miles, 5556 metres, 5.556 kilometres, or about 3.452 statute miles.