Conversion from 10 Pascals to Nanopascals

Information about the Pascal (Pa)

The pascal is the SI unit of pressure, written Pa. It is defined as one newton of force spread over one square metre, and it is named after Blaise Pascal, whose experiments with barometers in the 1640s established that air has weight and that its pressure falls with altitude. The General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the name in 1971.

It is a remarkably small unit. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101,325 pascals, so the pressure everyone lives under is a six-figure number, and almost every practical use of the unit therefore carries a prefix. That awkwardness is not a design fault but a consequence of coherence: the newton and the square metre were fixed first, and the pascal is whatever falls out of dividing one by the other.

Acoustics is the field where bare pascals are natural. The reference pressure for the decibel scale is twenty micropascals, taken as the quietest sound a healthy young ear can detect, and ordinary conversation is around 0.02 pascals of sound pressure. The threshold of pain sits near 63 pascals, so the entire range of human hearing spans about six orders of magnitude in this unit.

Everyday objects give a sense of the scale. A sheet of office paper lying flat presses on the desk with about 0.8 pascals. A gentle breeze exerts a few pascals on a wall, and the pressure difference that drives ventilation through a building is typically between ten and fifty. Anything a person can feel as force is already in the thousands.

Prefixed forms carry the real work. Weather uses hectopascals, which are numerically identical to the older millibars, so a forecast reading of 1013 needed no relearning. Engineering uses kilopascals for tyre and fluid pressures, and materials science uses megapascals and gigapascals for strength and stiffness, where one megapascal is one newton per square millimetre.

The pascal also appears wherever a stress rather than a pressure is meant, since the two have the same dimensions. Young's modulus, yield strength and shear stress are all quoted in pascals or their multiples, which is why a single unit spans the pressure in a tyre and the stiffness of steel.

One pascal equals 1 newton per square metre, 0.01 millibars, about 0.0000099 atmospheres, or about 0.000145 pounds per square inch.

Information about the Nanopascal (nPa)

The nanopascal is a unit of pressure equal to one billionth of a pascal. Its symbol is nPa. It marks the far end of the pressure scale, the region where the idea of pressure as a push on a surface stops being useful and becomes a statement about how few particles are present.

The clearest home for the unit is extreme high vacuum. Ordinary laboratory vacuum reaches millipascals; ultra-high vacuum, used for surface physics and for the beam pipes of particle accelerators, reaches micropascals. Below that lies extreme high vacuum at nanopascals and lower, and reaching it takes a sealed chamber, hours of baking at two hundred degrees to drive gas out of the metal itself, and pumps that trap molecules rather than push them.

At those pressures a chamber is not empty. A nanopascal still contains something like a quarter of a million molecules per cubic centimetre, which sounds like a great many until you compare it with the twenty-five billion billion in the same volume of room air. What matters is not the count but the mean free path: a molecule now travels thousands of kilometres before striking another, so it hits the walls long before it meets a neighbour.

That is exactly the point. Surface science needs a sample to stay clean for the length of an experiment, and at ordinary pressures a fresh surface is covered by a layer of adsorbed gas in about a nanosecond. At a nanopascal the same surface stays clean for days. The vacuum is not there to remove air but to buy time.

Space provides the natural comparison. Low Earth orbit is around a micropascal, still dense enough that the atmosphere drags on satellites and eventually pulls them down. Interplanetary space is nanopascals. Interstellar space is far lower still, roughly a femtopascal, which no terrestrial pump has ever matched — the best laboratory vacuums are still denser than the space between the stars.

Radiation pressure lands in similar territory. Sunlight falling on a perfectly absorbing surface at Earth's distance exerts about 4.5 micropascals, and at the distance of the outer planets it falls to nanopascals. Solar sails work with these numbers, which is why they must be enormous and light to gather a usable force.

One nanopascal equals 0.000000001 pascals, 0.001 micropascals, 1,000 picopascals, or about 0.000000000000145 pounds per square inch.