| Kibibits (Kibit) | Pebibits (Pibit) |
|---|---|
| 1 Kibibit | 9.09494701773 × 10-13 Pibit |
| 2 Kibibits | 1.81898940355 × 10-12 Pibit |
| 3 Kibibits | 2.72848410532 × 10-12 Pibit |
| 4 Kibibits | 3.63797880709 × 10-12 Pibit |
| 5 Kibibits | 4.54747350886 × 10-12 Pibit |
| 10 Kibibits | 9.09494701773 × 10-12 Pibit |
| 20 Kibibits | 1.81898940355 × 10-11 Pibit |
| 25 Kibibits | 2.27373675443 × 10-11 Pibit |
| 50 Kibibits | 4.54747350886 × 10-11 Pibit |
| 100 Kibibits | 9.09494701773 × 10-11 Pibit |
| Reference | Kibibits (Kibit) | Pebibits (Pibit) |
|---|---|---|
| A plain text message (160 characters) | 1.25 Kibit | 1.13687 × 10-12 Pibit |
| A three-minute MP3 | 23437.5 Kibit | 0.0000000213163 Pibit |
| A smartphone photo | 31250 Kibit | 0.0000000284217 Pibit |
| A high-definition film | 31250000 Kibit | 0.0000284217 Pibit |
| A dual-layer Blu-ray disc | 390625000 Kibit | 0.000355271 Pibit |
The kibibit is a unit of digital information equal to 1,024 bits. Its symbol is Kibit. It is the first of the binary prefixes, a set of units defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1998 to end a confusion that had run through computing since the 1960s.
The problem was straightforward. Computers address memory in powers of two, so memory came in chunks of 1,024 rather than 1,000. Engineers borrowed the metric prefix kilo for that quantity because 1,024 is close to 1,000, and for small numbers the approximation was harmless. But storage and transmission counted in true thousands, so the same prefix meant two different things depending on which part of the machine was being described.
The IEC's solution was to coin new names. Kibi is a contraction of kilo binary, and the pattern continues with mebi, gibi, tebi, pebi, exbi, zebi and yobi. Each is 1,024 times the one below, and each symbol takes the form of a capital letter followed by a lowercase i: Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti and so on. The kilobit then means one thousand bits and nothing else.
A kibibit is 128 octets, and the gap from a kilobit is 2.4 per cent. That small difference is why the two were confused for so long: at this scale nobody notices. The error compounds by 2.4 per cent at every step, reaching 5 per cent at the mebibit, 7 per cent at the gibibit and 21 per cent by the yobibit, which is where the ambiguity became genuinely expensive.
Adoption has been partial and uneven. Standards bodies, the Linux kernel and most technical documentation use the IEC prefixes correctly. Consumer software largely does not, and many programs still write KB while dividing by 1,024. The result is that a reader must often infer from context which convention a number follows, which is exactly what the standard was written to prevent.
In practice the kibibit itself appears mainly in the specifications of small memory chips, in serial memory used by embedded systems, and in protocol documents where an exact power of two matters. Anywhere the number 1,024 is meant rather than 1,000, this is the correct unit.
One kibibit equals 1,024 bits, 128 octets, or 1.024 kilobits.
The pebibit is a unit of digital information equal to 1,125,899,906,842,624 bits, which is 1,024 tebibits or two to the fiftieth power. Its symbol is Pibit. It is the binary counterpart of the petabit, and the gap between them has widened to 12.6 per cent.
That widening is worth watching, because it is the whole argument for the IEC prefixes in one number. Each step up the ladder multiplies the discrepancy by 1.024, so what began as a harmless 2.4 per cent at the kibibit is an eighth of the quantity here and a fifth at the yobibit. A convention that was reasonable for small numbers becomes indefensible for large ones.
A pebibit is 140,737,488,355,328 octets, or 128 tebioctets. Storage of this size exists in supercomputer memory systems, in the fastest scientific data buffers and in the aggregate memory of very large clusters. The largest machines on the list of the world's fastest computers have main memory measured in pebioctets, and the ability to hold an entire simulation in memory rather than on disc is what makes certain calculations feasible at all.
Because these systems are addressed in binary, the binary unit is the correct one and the decimal figure would be an approximation. A cluster with a pebibit of memory does not have a petabit; it has 12.6 per cent more, and a scheduler that allocated on the decimal figure would leave that much unused.
The unit also appears in filesystem limits. Several widely used filesystems have maximum volume or file sizes expressed as exact powers of two, and where those limits fall in this range they are naturally written in pebibytes or pebioctets. Documentation that converts them to decimal units loses the property that made them memorable.
In everyday computing the pebibit is never encountered. It belongs to specifications, to system architecture and to the design of the largest machines, and a converter needs it for exactly those documents. Anywhere the underlying quantity is a power of two, this is the unit that says so without rounding.
One pebibit equals 1,024 tebibits, 140,737,488,355,328 octets, or about 1.126 petabits.