| Gibioctets (Gio) | Pebibits (Pibit) |
|---|---|
| 1 Gibioctet | 0.00000762939453125 Pibit |
| 2 Gibioctets | 0.0000152587890625 Pibit |
| 3 Gibioctets | 0.0000228881835938 Pibit |
| 4 Gibioctets | 0.000030517578125 Pibit |
| 5 Gibioctets | 0.0000381469726562 Pibit |
| 10 Gibioctets | 0.0000762939453125 Pibit |
| 20 Gibioctets | 0.000152587890625 Pibit |
| 25 Gibioctets | 0.000190734863281 Pibit |
| 50 Gibioctets | 0.000381469726562 Pibit |
| 100 Gibioctets | 0.000762939453125 Pibit |
| Reference | Gibioctets (Gio) | Pebibits (Pibit) |
|---|---|---|
| A plain text message (160 characters) | 0.000000149012 Gio | 1.13687 × 10-12 Pibit |
| A three-minute MP3 | 0.00279397 Gio | 0.0000000213163 Pibit |
| A smartphone photo | 0.00372529 Gio | 0.0000000284217 Pibit |
| A high-definition film | 3.72529 Gio | 0.0000284217 Pibit |
| A dual-layer Blu-ray disc | 46.5661 Gio | 0.000355271 Pibit |
The gibioctet is a unit of digital information equal to 1,073,741,824 octets, which is 1,024 mebioctets. Its symbol is Gio. It is the binary counterpart of the gigaoctet, and the 7.4 per cent difference between them is the single most common cause of confusion about data units.
This is the unit in which computer memory is actually sold, whatever the packaging says. A module labelled 8 GB holds 8 gibioctets, which is 8.59 gigaoctets. It could not hold anything else: memory addressing is binary, and a module with a decimal capacity would leave part of its address range unpopulated. The label is a convenient shorthand rather than a measurement.
Storage, by contrast, is genuinely decimal. A drive sold as 500 gigaoctets holds five hundred thousand million octets, and the operating system divides that by 1,024 three times and reports 465.7 gibioctets. The two figures describe the same hardware. Neither party is being dishonest; they are simply counting in different bases, and the labelling convention differs by industry.
Cloud computing has made the distinction visible in contracts. Virtual machine sizes, container memory limits and the parameters that control how much memory a program may use are all specified in gibioctets, because they map onto real memory pages. A limit of 4 GB set in a decimal-minded tool and 4 GiB set in a binary one differ by nearly three hundred megaoctets, which is enough to change whether a program runs.
For everyday scale, a gibioctet holds about a thousand books as plain text, a few hundred photographs, or twenty minutes of high-definition video. It is roughly what a modern web browser occupies in memory with a dozen pages open, which is a fair illustration of how the standard for what counts as a small amount has moved.
The correct symbol is Gio, and it appears in system tools, in virtualisation documentation and in standards. Where a document writes GB for memory, the safe reading is gibioctets; where it writes GB for a disc or a network, the safe reading is gigaoctets. The habit of checking which is meant costs a second and prevents a seven per cent error.
One gibioctet equals 1,073,741,824 octets, 1,024 mebioctets, 8 gibibits, or about 1.074 gigaoctets.
The pebibit is a unit of digital information equal to 1,125,899,906,842,624 bits, which is 1,024 tebibits or two to the fiftieth power. Its symbol is Pibit. It is the binary counterpart of the petabit, and the gap between them has widened to 12.6 per cent.
That widening is worth watching, because it is the whole argument for the IEC prefixes in one number. Each step up the ladder multiplies the discrepancy by 1.024, so what began as a harmless 2.4 per cent at the kibibit is an eighth of the quantity here and a fifth at the yobibit. A convention that was reasonable for small numbers becomes indefensible for large ones.
A pebibit is 140,737,488,355,328 octets, or 128 tebioctets. Storage of this size exists in supercomputer memory systems, in the fastest scientific data buffers and in the aggregate memory of very large clusters. The largest machines on the list of the world's fastest computers have main memory measured in pebioctets, and the ability to hold an entire simulation in memory rather than on disc is what makes certain calculations feasible at all.
Because these systems are addressed in binary, the binary unit is the correct one and the decimal figure would be an approximation. A cluster with a pebibit of memory does not have a petabit; it has 12.6 per cent more, and a scheduler that allocated on the decimal figure would leave that much unused.
The unit also appears in filesystem limits. Several widely used filesystems have maximum volume or file sizes expressed as exact powers of two, and where those limits fall in this range they are naturally written in pebibytes or pebioctets. Documentation that converts them to decimal units loses the property that made them memorable.
In everyday computing the pebibit is never encountered. It belongs to specifications, to system architecture and to the design of the largest machines, and a converter needs it for exactly those documents. Anywhere the underlying quantity is a power of two, this is the unit that says so without rounding.
One pebibit equals 1,024 tebibits, 140,737,488,355,328 octets, or about 1.126 petabits.