| Milligrams (mg) | Micrograms (μg) |
|---|---|
| 1 Milligram | 1000 μg |
| 2 Milligrams | 2000 μg |
| 3 Milligrams | 3000 μg |
| 4 Milligrams | 4000 μg |
| 5 Milligrams | 5000 μg |
| 10 Milligrams | 10000 μg |
| 20 Milligrams | 20000 μg |
| 25 Milligrams | 25000 μg |
| 50 Milligrams | 50000 μg |
| 100 Milligrams | 100000 μg |
| Reference | Milligrams (mg) | Micrograms (μg) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (80 gsm) | 5000 mg | 5000000 μg |
| One litre of water | 1000000 mg | 1 × 109 μg |
| Average adult human | 70000000 mg | 7 × 1010 μg |
| A small car | 1.4 × 109 mg | 1.4 × 1012 μg |
The milligram is a unit of mass equal to one thousandth of a gram, or one millionth of a kilogram. Its symbol is mg. It is the smallest mass most people encounter by name, and the one printed on nearly every medicine box and nutrition label.
Pharmacy is built on it. Tablet strengths are quoted in milligrams almost universally, from a 500 mg paracetamol tablet to a 5 mg dose of a cardiac drug, and dosing by body weight is written in milligrams per kilogram. The unit suits the job because the therapeutic range of most oral drugs falls between one and a thousand milligrams, so doses can be stated as whole numbers without prefixes or decimals.
Nutrition labels use it for the minerals and for anything present in quantities too small for grams. Sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron and vitamin C are all listed in milligrams, and so is cholesterol. Caffeine content is given the same way: a strong cup of coffee holds roughly 100 mg, and regulators in several countries require energy drinks above 150 mg per litre to carry a warning.
In the laboratory the milligram is the comfortable working range of an analytical balance, which typically reads to a tenth of a milligram and settles within seconds. Below that, weighing becomes an exercise in controlling draughts, static electricity and the operator’s own body heat, which is why sub-milligram quantities are usually prepared by dissolving a larger weighed mass and taking an aliquot rather than by weighing directly.
Law and public health borrow it whenever a limit has to be enforceable. Drink-driving is defined in most of Europe as 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood, and in the United Kingdom as 80; food regulations cap sodium, additives and contaminants in milligrams per kilogram; and vehicle emission standards are written in milligrams per kilometre for particulates and oxides of nitrogen. In each case the number has to be small enough to matter biologically and large enough to be measured reliably in an ordinary testing laboratory, and the milligram sits at exactly that point. A cup of coffee carries about 100 milligrams of caffeine, which is a useful mental anchor for the whole scale.
One milligram equals 0.001 grams, one thousand micrograms, and one millionth of a kilogram.
The microgram is a unit of mass equal to one millionth of a gram, or one thousandth of a milligram. Its official symbol is µg, written with the Greek letter mu.
In medicine that symbol is a known hazard. Handwritten, µg is easily read as mg, a thousandfold error, and the mistake has killed patients. Safety bodies including the Institute for Safe Medication Practices therefore recommend writing mcg instead on prescriptions and labels, and most hospital systems now enforce it. The abbreviation is not SI and would be wrong in a scientific paper, but it is the safer choice on a drug chart.
Micronutrients live at this scale. Vitamin B12, folate, iodine, selenium, biotin and vitamin K are all dosed in micrograms, and daily requirements run from a few micrograms to a few hundred. Vitamin D is given either in micrograms or in international units, with one microgram equal to forty IU, a dual convention that causes constant confusion on supplement labels. Potent drugs use the unit too: fentanyl, levothyroxine, digoxin and most hormonal contraceptives are dosed in micrograms rather than milligrams.
Air quality reporting has made the microgram familiar to the public. Fine particulate matter is measured in micrograms per cubic metre, and the World Health Organization guideline for annual PM2.5 exposure is five micrograms per cubic metre. Nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone limits are written the same way, so the number quoted in a news report about pollution is almost always a count of micrograms in a cubic metre of air.
Toxicology works here because potency and hazard both scale with dose. Digoxin is prescribed in a few hundred micrograms a day and becomes dangerous not far above that, thyroid hormone is dispensed in 25-microgram steps, and the opioid fentanyl is active at doses of tens of micrograms, which is why illicitly mixed powders containing it are so often lethal. Analytical chemistry meets the unit from the other direction: modern instruments detect pesticides, metals and pharmaceuticals in water at concentrations of micrograms per litre, and regulatory limits are written at that level. A microgram is invisible, weighs less than a speck of dust, and yet is the natural unit for both the dose that heals and the dose that kills.
One microgram equals 0.001 milligrams, one millionth of a gram, and one thousand nanograms.