| Hands (hh) | Light years (ly) |
|---|---|
| 1 Hand | 1.07391284737 × 10-17 ly |
| 2 Hands | 2.14782569474 × 10-17 ly |
| 3 Hands | 3.22173854211 × 10-17 ly |
| 4 Hands | 4.29565138948 × 10-17 ly |
| 5 Hands | 5.36956423685 × 10-17 ly |
| 10 Hands | 1.07391284737 × 10-16 ly |
| 20 Hands | 2.14782569474 × 10-16 ly |
| 25 Hands | 2.68478211842 × 10-16 ly |
| 50 Hands | 5.36956423685 × 10-16 ly |
| 100 Hands | 1.07391284737 × 10-15 ly |
| Reference | Hands (hh) | Light years (ly) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (long side) | 2.92323 hh | 3.13929 × 10-17 ly |
| Average adult human height | 16.7323 hh | 1.7969 × 10-16 ly |
| A football pitch (length) | 1033.46 hh | 1.10985 × 10-14 ly |
| A marathon | 415305 hh | 4.46002 × 10-12 ly |
| Height of Mount Everest | 87096.5 hh | 9.3534 × 10-13 ly |
The hand is a unit of length equal to exactly four inches, or 101.6 millimetres. It survives in one specialised application: measuring the height of horses and ponies. Almost nowhere else is it still in use.
The measurement is taken from the ground to the withers, the ridge between the shoulder blades where the neck meets the back. The withers are chosen because they are a fixed skeletal point that does not move as the horse raises or lowers its head, so the figure is reproducible in a way that measuring to the top of the head would not be.
Notation is unusual and frequently misread. Heights are written with a decimal point that does not indicate a decimal fraction. A horse of 15.2 hands stands fifteen hands and two inches, which is 62 inches or 157.5 centimetres. Because a hand is four inches, the digit after the point runs only from 0 to 3, and 15.4 is not a valid height. The abbreviation hh, for hands high, is common.
The boundary between a pony and a horse is conventionally set at 14.2 hands, though the exact threshold varies between breed registries and competitive disciplines. Draught breeds such as the Shire commonly exceed 17 hands. The tallest horses on record have stood over 20 hands.
The unit derives from the breadth of a human palm, an origin shared with several ancient measures. Egyptian and Roman systems both used a palm of comparable size. Its standardisation at four inches in England is usually credited to a statute of Henry VIII. The persistence of the hand in equestrian use is largely conservatism, and metric heights in centimetres are now given alongside it in international competition rules.
Measuring accurately is harder than it appears. The horse must stand square on level ground with its head in a natural position, and a purpose-made measuring stick with a spirit level and sliding crossbar is used rather than a tape. Shoeing adds height, so official measurements specify whether the horse is shod, and competition rules that impose height limits require certification by an appointed measurer.
One hand equals 4 inches, 101.6 millimetres, or 0.1016 metres.
The light year is the distance light travels in vacuum during one Julian year, equal to exactly 9,460,730,472,580,800 metres, or about 9.46 trillion kilometres. The symbol is ly.
It is a unit of distance, not of time, a point the name obscures and which causes persistent confusion. Its exactness follows from two defined quantities: the speed of light is fixed at 299,792,458 metres per second, and a Julian year is defined as exactly 365.25 days of 86,400 seconds. Multiplying the two gives a figure with no measurement uncertainty at all.
The unit's appeal is that it makes the finite speed of light explicit. Looking at an object twelve light years away means seeing it as it was twelve years ago, and this delay is not a curiosity but the basis of observational cosmology. The most distant galaxies observed lie billions of light years away, so telescopes are effectively instruments for looking into the past.
Nearby distances are modest by the standard of the unit. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, is 4.25 light years away. Sirius is 8.6. The centre of the Milky Way lies about 26,000 light years from Earth, and the galaxy spans roughly 100,000. The Andromeda Galaxy is some 2.5 million light years distant and is visible to the unaided eye from a dark site, which makes it the most remote object most people will ever see directly.
Professional astronomers generally prefer the parsec, which arises naturally from parallax measurement, and journals report distances in parsecs, kiloparsecs and megaparsecs. The light year dominates popular writing because it needs no explanation beyond the speed of light.
Related units follow the same principle at smaller scales. The light second, about 300,000 kilometres, is close to the Earth-Moon distance, and radio engineers use the light nanosecond, roughly 30 centimetres, when reasoning about signal propagation along a cable. The light minute and light hour occasionally appear in descriptions of the outer solar system.
One light year equals 63,241 astronomical units, about 0.3066 parsecs, or 9.4607 trillion kilometres.