| Chains (ch) | Astronomical units (au) |
|---|---|
| 1 Chain | 1.34472502221 × 10-10 au |
| 2 Chains | 2.68945004442 × 10-10 au |
| 3 Chains | 4.03417506664 × 10-10 au |
| 4 Chains | 5.37890008885 × 10-10 au |
| 5 Chains | 6.72362511106 × 10-10 au |
| 10 Chains | 0.00000000134472502221 au |
| 20 Chains | 0.00000000268945004442 au |
| 25 Chains | 0.00000000336181255553 au |
| 50 Chains | 0.00000000672362511106 au |
| 100 Chains | 0.0000000134472502221 au |
| Reference | Chains (ch) | Astronomical units (au) |
|---|---|---|
| A sheet of A4 paper (long side) | 0.0147638 ch | 1.98532 × 10-12 au |
| Average adult human height | 0.0845065 ch | 1.13638 × 10-11 au |
| A football pitch (length) | 5.21952 ch | 7.01882 × 10-10 au |
| A marathon | 2097.5 ch | 0.000000282056 au |
| Height of Mount Everest | 439.881 ch | 0.0000000591519 au |
The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet, 22 yards, or exactly 20.1168 metres. It occupies an unusual position in the imperial system as the unit that connected everyday measurement to land surveying.
It is named after a physical object. Edmund Gunter, an English mathematician, introduced a surveying chain of 100 iron links in 1620. The design solved a real problem: land area was recorded in acres, a unit inherited from medieval agriculture, while distances were measured in feet and yards. Gunter chose a length that reconciled the two systems. Ten square chains make exactly one acre, and 80 chains make one mile, so a surveyor could measure in chains and compute both area in acres and distance in miles without awkward conversion factors.
The chain shaped the landscape of several countries. The United States Public Land Survey System, which divided much of the American west into townships and sections from 1785, was laid out in chains. A section is one square mile, or 80 chains on a side, and the resulting grid remains visible in road patterns and field boundaries across the Midwest. Similar surveys in Canada, Australia and New Zealand used the same unit, and older property deeds in those countries still cite chain measurements.
Cricket preserves it in sporting form. The pitch measures 22 yards between the wickets, which is exactly one chain, a length fixed long before the game's laws were formally written.
British railways continue to use the chain for locating features along a line. Positions are recorded as a mileage and a chain figure, so 12 miles 40 chains identifies a point precisely. The convention survives in signalling diagrams and engineering records despite general metrication.
The chain subdivides into 100 links of 7.92 inches each, giving surveyors a decimal subdivision within an otherwise non-decimal system.
One chain equals 22 yards, 66 feet, or 20.1168 metres.
The astronomical unit is a length equal to exactly 149,597,870,700 metres, or very nearly 150 million kilometres. The symbol is au. It approximates the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun and is the standard measure for distances within the solar system.
The unit was originally defined by that orbital relationship rather than by a fixed number. Earlier definitions tied it to the properties of a hypothetical body orbiting the Sun, which meant its value depended on the gravitational constant and was subject to revision as measurements improved. The International Astronomical Union ended that dependence in 2012 by fixing the astronomical unit as an exact number of metres. The change simplified calculations and removed an inconvenience: a unit whose length shifted whenever a physical constant was refined.
Determining its value was one of the great problems of observational astronomy. Transits of Venus across the Sun's disc, observed from widely separated points on Earth, allowed the distance to be triangulated. Expeditions were mounted for the transits of 1761, 1769, 1874 and 1882, and James Cook's first Pacific voyage was organised around the 1769 event. Radar ranging to Venus in the 1960s eventually settled the figure far more precisely than any optical method.
The unit makes solar system distances legible. Mercury orbits at 0.39 au, Mars at 1.52 au, Jupiter at 5.2 au and Neptune at 30.1 au. The Kuiper Belt extends to roughly 50 au. Voyager 1, the most distant human-made object, has passed 165 au. Light takes about 499 seconds to cover one astronomical unit, so the Sun is a little over eight light minutes away.
Beyond the solar system the unit becomes unwieldy, and astronomers switch to light years and parsecs. One parsec is 206,265 au.
Spacecraft navigation depends on the unit being exact rather than approximate. Trajectories to the outer planets are computed over distances of tens of astronomical units, and an error in the length of the unit itself would propagate into every position calculation. Fixing the value in 2012 removed that source of drift from the ephemerides used for mission planning.
One astronomical unit equals 149,597,870.7 kilometres, or about 92.956 million miles.